// Copyright (c) 1999-2003  INRIA Sophia-Antipolis (France).
// All rights reserved.
//
// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org); you may redistribute it under
// the terms of the Q Public License version 1.0.
// See the file LICENSE.QPL distributed with CGAL.
//
// Licensees holding a valid commercial license may use this file in
// accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the software.
//
// This file is provided AS IS with NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING THE
// WARRANTY OF DESIGN, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
//
// $URL: svn+ssh://scm.gforge.inria.fr/svn/cgal/branches/CGAL-3.5-branch/Triangulation_3/include/CGAL/Triangulation_3.h $
// $Id: Triangulation_3.h 48845 2009-04-21 18:34:14Z spion $
// 
// Author(s)     : Monique Teillaud <Monique.Teillaud@sophia.inria.fr>
//                 Sylvain Pion

#ifndef CGAL_TRIANGULATION_3_H
#define CGAL_TRIANGULATION_3_H

#include <CGAL/basic.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map> 
#include <utility>
#include <stack>

#include <CGAL/triangulation_assertions.h>
#include <CGAL/Triangulation_utils_3.h>

#include <CGAL/Triangulation_data_structure_3.h>
#include <CGAL/Triangulation_cell_base_3.h>
#include <CGAL/Triangulation_vertex_base_3.h>

#include <CGAL/spatial_sort.h>

#include <CGAL/iterator.h>
#include <CGAL/function_objects.h>
#include <CGAL/Iterator_project.h>
#include <CGAL/Random.h>
#include <CGAL/Unique_hash_map.h>

#include <boost/bind.hpp>

CGAL_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

template < class GT, class Tds > class Triangulation_3;

template < class GT, class Tds > std::istream& operator>> 
(std::istream& is, Triangulation_3<GT,Tds> &tr);

template < class GT, 
           class Tds = Triangulation_data_structure_3 <
                                   Triangulation_vertex_base_3<GT>,
                                   Triangulation_cell_base_3<GT> > >
class Triangulation_3
  :public Triangulation_utils_3
{
  friend std::istream& operator>> <>
  (std::istream& is, Triangulation_3<GT,Tds> &tr);

  typedef Triangulation_3<GT, Tds>             Self;
public:
  typedef Tds                                  Triangulation_data_structure;
  typedef GT                                   Geom_traits;

  typedef typename GT::Point_3                 Point;
  typedef typename GT::Segment_3               Segment;
  typedef typename GT::Triangle_3              Triangle;
  typedef typename GT::Tetrahedron_3           Tetrahedron;

  typedef typename Tds::Vertex                 Vertex;
  typedef typename Tds::Cell                   Cell;
  typedef typename Tds::Facet                  Facet;
  typedef typename Tds::Edge                   Edge;

  typedef typename Tds::size_type              size_type;
  typedef typename Tds::difference_type        difference_type;

  typedef typename Tds::Vertex_handle          Vertex_handle;
  typedef typename Tds::Cell_handle            Cell_handle;

  typedef typename Tds::Cell_circulator        Cell_circulator;
  typedef typename Tds::Facet_circulator       Facet_circulator;

  typedef typename Tds::Cell_iterator          Cell_iterator;
  typedef typename Tds::Facet_iterator         Facet_iterator;
  typedef typename Tds::Edge_iterator          Edge_iterator;
  typedef typename Tds::Vertex_iterator        Vertex_iterator;

  typedef Cell_iterator                        All_cells_iterator;
  typedef Facet_iterator                       All_facets_iterator;
  typedef Edge_iterator                        All_edges_iterator;
  typedef Vertex_iterator                      All_vertices_iterator;

  typedef typename Tds::Simplex                Simplex;
private:
  // This class is used to generate the Finite_*_iterators.
  class Infinite_tester
  {
      const Self *t;

  public:

      Infinite_tester() {}

      Infinite_tester(const Self *tr)
	  : t(tr) {}

      bool operator()(const Vertex_iterator & v) const
      {
	  return t->is_infinite(v);
      }

      bool operator()(const Cell_iterator & c) const
      {
	  return t->is_infinite(c);
      }

      bool operator()(const Edge_iterator & e) const
      {
	  return t->is_infinite(*e);
      }

      bool operator()(const Facet_iterator & f) const
      {
	  return t->is_infinite(*f);
      }
  };

public:

  // We derive in order to add a conversion to handle.
  class Finite_cells_iterator
    : public Filter_iterator<Cell_iterator, Infinite_tester> {
    typedef Filter_iterator<Cell_iterator, Infinite_tester> Base;
    typedef Finite_cells_iterator                           Self;
  public:

    Finite_cells_iterator() : Base() {}
    Finite_cells_iterator(const Base &b) : Base(b) {}

    Self & operator++() { Base::operator++(); return *this; }
    Self & operator--() { Base::operator--(); return *this; }
    Self operator++(int) { Self tmp(*this); ++(*this); return tmp; }
    Self operator--(int) { Self tmp(*this); --(*this); return tmp; }

    operator Cell_handle() const { return Base::base(); }
  };

  // We derive in order to add a conversion to handle.
  class Finite_vertices_iterator
    : public Filter_iterator<Vertex_iterator, Infinite_tester> {
    typedef Filter_iterator<Vertex_iterator, Infinite_tester> Base;
    typedef Finite_vertices_iterator                          Self;
  public:

    Finite_vertices_iterator() : Base() {}
    Finite_vertices_iterator(const Base &b) : Base(b) {}

    Self & operator++() { Base::operator++(); return *this; }
    Self & operator--() { Base::operator--(); return *this; }
    Self operator++(int) { Self tmp(*this); ++(*this); return tmp; }
    Self operator--(int) { Self tmp(*this); --(*this); return tmp; }

    operator Vertex_handle() const { return Base::base(); }
  };

  typedef Filter_iterator<Edge_iterator, Infinite_tester>
                                               Finite_edges_iterator;
  typedef Filter_iterator<Facet_iterator, Infinite_tester>
                                               Finite_facets_iterator;

private:
  // Auxiliary iterators for convenience
  // do not use default template argument to please VC++
  typedef Project_point<Vertex>                           Proj_point;
public:
  typedef Iterator_project<Finite_vertices_iterator, 
                           Proj_point,
	                   const Point&, 
                           const Point*,
                           std::ptrdiff_t,
                           std::bidirectional_iterator_tag>  Point_iterator;

  typedef Point                         value_type; // to have a back_inserter
  typedef const value_type&             const_reference;

  //Tag to distinguish triangulations with weighted_points
  typedef Tag_false  Weighted_tag;



  enum Locate_type {
    VERTEX=0, 
    EDGE, //1
    FACET, //2
    CELL, //3
    OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL, //4
    OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL };//5

protected:
  Tds _tds;
  GT  _gt;
  Vertex_handle infinite; //infinite vertex
  mutable Random rng;
 
  Comparison_result
  compare_xyz(const Point &p, const Point &q) const
  {
      return geom_traits().compare_xyz_3_object()(p, q);
  }
 
  bool
  equal(const Point &p, const Point &q) const
  {
      return compare_xyz(p, q) == EQUAL;
  }

  Orientation
  orientation(const Point &p, const Point &q,
	      const Point &r, const Point &s) const
  {
      return geom_traits().orientation_3_object()(p, q, r, s);
  }

  bool
  coplanar(const Point &p, const Point &q,
	   const Point &r, const Point &s) const
  {
      return orientation(p, q, r, s) == COPLANAR;
  }

  Orientation
  coplanar_orientation(const Point &p, const Point &q, const Point &r) const
  {
      return geom_traits().coplanar_orientation_3_object()(p, q, r);
  }

  bool
  collinear(const Point &p, const Point &q, const Point &r) const
  {
      return coplanar_orientation(p, q, r) == COLLINEAR;
  }

  Segment
  construct_segment(const Point &p, const Point &q) const
  {
      return geom_traits().construct_segment_3_object()(p, q);
  }

  Triangle
  construct_triangle(const Point &p, const Point &q, const Point &r) const
  {
      return geom_traits().construct_triangle_3_object()(p, q, r);
  }

  Tetrahedron
  construct_tetrahedron(const Point &p, const Point &q,
	                const Point &r, const Point &s) const
  {
      return geom_traits().construct_tetrahedron_3_object()(p, q, r, s);
  }

  enum COLLINEAR_POSITION {BEFORE, SOURCE, MIDDLE, TARGET, AFTER};

  COLLINEAR_POSITION
  collinear_position(const Point &s, const Point &p, const Point &t) const
  // (s,t) defines a line, p is on that line.
  // Depending on the position of p wrt s and t, returns :
  // --------------- s ---------------- t --------------
  // BEFORE       SOURCE    MIDDLE    TARGET       AFTER
  {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition(!equal(s, t));
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition(collinear(s, p, t));

      Comparison_result ps = compare_xyz(p, s);
      if (ps == EQUAL)
	  return SOURCE;
      Comparison_result st = compare_xyz(s, t);
      if (ps == st)
	  return BEFORE;
      Comparison_result pt = compare_xyz(p, t);
      if (pt == EQUAL)
	  return TARGET;
      if (pt == st)
	  return MIDDLE;
      return AFTER;
  }

  void init_tds()
    {
      infinite = _tds.insert_increase_dimension();
    }

public:

  // CONSTRUCTORS
  Triangulation_3(const GT & gt = GT())
    : _tds(), _gt(gt)
    {
      init_tds();
    }

  // copy constructor duplicates vertices and cells
  Triangulation_3(const Triangulation_3 & tr)
    : _gt(tr._gt)
    {
      infinite = _tds.copy_tds(tr._tds, tr.infinite);
      CGAL_triangulation_expensive_postcondition(*this == tr);
    }

  template < typename InputIterator >
  Triangulation_3(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
                  const GT & gt = GT())
    : _gt(gt)
  {
      init_tds();
      insert(first, last);
  }

  void clear()
    {
      _tds.clear();
      init_tds();
    }

  Triangulation_3 & operator=(Triangulation_3 tr)
    {
      swap(tr);
      return *this;
    }

  // HELPING FUNCTIONS

  void swap(Triangulation_3 &tr)
    {
      std::swap(tr._gt, _gt);
      std::swap(tr.infinite, infinite);
      _tds.swap(tr._tds);
    }

  //ACCESS FUNCTIONS
  const GT & geom_traits() const 
    { return _gt;}

  const Tds & tds() const 
    { return _tds;}

  Tds & tds()
    { return _tds;}

  int dimension() const 
    { return _tds.dimension();}

  size_type number_of_finite_cells() const;

  size_type number_of_cells() const;
 
  size_type number_of_finite_facets() const;

  size_type number_of_facets() const;

  size_type number_of_finite_edges() const;
 
  size_type number_of_edges() const;
  
  size_type number_of_vertices() const // number of finite vertices
    {return _tds.number_of_vertices()-1;}

  Vertex_handle infinite_vertex() const
    { return infinite; }
   
  Cell_handle infinite_cell() const
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_assertion(infinite_vertex()->cell()->
      				   has_vertex(infinite_vertex()));
      return infinite_vertex()->cell();
    }

  // GEOMETRIC ACCESS FUNCTIONS
  
  Tetrahedron tetrahedron(const Cell_handle c) const
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 3 );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! is_infinite(c) );
      return construct_tetrahedron(c->vertex(0)->point(),
				   c->vertex(1)->point(),
				   c->vertex(2)->point(),
				   c->vertex(3)->point());
    }

  Triangle triangle(const Cell_handle c, int i) const;

  Triangle triangle(const Facet & f) const
    { return triangle(f.first, f.second); }

  Segment segment(const Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const;

  Segment segment(const Edge & e) const
    { return segment(e.first,e.second,e.third); }

  // TEST IF INFINITE FEATURES
  bool is_infinite(const Vertex_handle v) const 
    { return v == infinite_vertex(); }

  bool is_infinite(const Cell_handle c) const 
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 3 );
      return c->has_vertex(infinite_vertex());
    }

  bool is_infinite(const Cell_handle c, int i) const;

  bool is_infinite(const Facet & f) const 
    { return is_infinite(f.first,f.second); }

  bool is_infinite(const Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const; 

  bool is_infinite(const Edge & e) const
    { return is_infinite(e.first,e.second,e.third); }


  //QUERIES

  bool is_vertex(const Point & p, Vertex_handle & v) const;

  bool is_vertex(Vertex_handle v) const;
  bool is_edge(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v,
	       Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j) const;
  bool is_facet(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, Vertex_handle w,
		Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j, int & k) const;
  bool is_cell(Cell_handle c) const;
  bool is_cell(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, 
	       Vertex_handle w, Vertex_handle t,
	       Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j, int & k, int & l) const;
  bool is_cell(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, 
	       Vertex_handle w, Vertex_handle t,
	       Cell_handle & c) const;

  bool has_vertex(const Facet & f, Vertex_handle v, int & j) const;
  bool has_vertex(Cell_handle c, int i, Vertex_handle v, int & j) const;
  bool has_vertex(const Facet & f, Vertex_handle v) const;
  bool has_vertex(Cell_handle c, int i, Vertex_handle v) const;

  bool are_equal(Cell_handle c, int i, Cell_handle n, int j) const;
  bool are_equal(const Facet & f, const Facet & g) const;
  bool are_equal(const Facet & f, Cell_handle n, int j) const;

  Cell_handle
  locate(const Point & p,
	 Locate_type & lt, int & li, int & lj,
	 Cell_handle start = Cell_handle()) const;

  Cell_handle
  locate(const Point & p, Cell_handle start = Cell_handle()) const
  {
      Locate_type lt;
      int li, lj;
      return locate( p, lt, li, lj, start);
  }

  // PREDICATES ON POINTS ``TEMPLATED'' by the geom traits

  Bounded_side
  side_of_tetrahedron(const Point & p,
		      const Point & p0, 
		      const Point & p1,
		      const Point & p2, 
		      const Point & p3,
		      Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j ) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_cell(const Point & p, 
	       Cell_handle c,
	       Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_triangle(const Point & p,
		   const Point & p0, const Point & p1, const Point & p2,
		   Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j ) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_facet(const Point & p,
		Cell_handle c,
		Locate_type & lt, int & li, int & lj) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_facet(const Point & p,
		const Facet & f,
		Locate_type & lt, int & li, int & lj) const
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( f.second == 3 );
      return side_of_facet(p, f.first, lt, li, lj);
    }
  Bounded_side
  side_of_segment(const Point & p, 
		  const Point & p0, const Point & p1,
		  Locate_type & lt, int & i ) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_edge(const Point & p, 
	       Cell_handle c,
	       Locate_type & lt, int & li) const;
  Bounded_side
  side_of_edge(const Point & p,
	       const Edge & e,
	       Locate_type & lt, int & li) const
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( e.second == 0 );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( e.third == 1 );
      return side_of_edge(p, e.first, lt, li);
    }

  // Functions forwarded from TDS.
  int mirror_index(Cell_handle c, int i) const
  { return _tds.mirror_index(c, i); }

  Vertex_handle mirror_vertex(Cell_handle c, int i) const
  { return _tds.mirror_vertex(c, i); }

  Facet mirror_facet(Facet f) const
  { return _tds.mirror_facet(f);}

  // MODIFIERS
  bool flip(const Facet &f)
  // returns false if the facet is not flippable
  // true other wise and
  // flips facet i of cell c
  // c will be replaced by one of the new cells
  {
    return flip( f.first, f.second);
  }
  bool flip(Cell_handle c, int i);
  void flip_flippable(const Facet &f)
  {
    flip_flippable( f.first, f.second);
  }
  void flip_flippable(Cell_handle c, int i);
  bool flip(const Edge &e)
  // returns false if the edge is not flippable
  // true otherwise and
  // flips edge i,j of cell c
  // c will be deleted
  {
    return flip( e.first, e.second, e.third );
  }
  bool flip(Cell_handle c, int i, int j);
  void flip_flippable(const Edge &e)
  {
    flip_flippable( e.first, e.second, e.third );
  }
  void flip_flippable(Cell_handle c, int i, int j);

  //INSERTION 

  Vertex_handle insert(const Point & p, Cell_handle start = Cell_handle());
  Vertex_handle insert(const Point & p, Locate_type lt, Cell_handle c,
	               int li, int lj);
  template < class Conflict_tester, class Hidden_points_visitor >
  inline Vertex_handle insert_in_conflict(const Point & p, 
					  Locate_type lt, 
					  Cell_handle c, int li, int lj,
					  const Conflict_tester &tester,
					  Hidden_points_visitor &hider);
 
  template < class InputIterator >
  int insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last)
    {
      int n = number_of_vertices();

      std::vector<Point> points (first, last);
      std::random_shuffle (points.begin(), points.end());
      spatial_sort (points.begin(), points.end(), geom_traits());

      Cell_handle hint;
      for (typename std::vector<Point>::const_iterator p = points.begin(), end = points.end();
              p != end; ++p)
          hint = insert (*p, hint)->cell();

      return number_of_vertices() - n;
    }

  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_cell(const Point & p, Cell_handle c);

  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_facet(const Point & p, Cell_handle c, int i);

  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_facet(const Point & p, const Facet & f)
    {
      return insert_in_facet(p, f.first, f.second);
    }

  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_edge(const Point & p, Cell_handle c, int i, int j);

  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_edge(const Point & p, const Edge & e)
    {
      return insert_in_edge(p, e.first, e.second, e.third);
    }
  
  Vertex_handle
  insert_outside_convex_hull(const Point & p, Cell_handle c);

  Vertex_handle
  insert_outside_affine_hull(const Point & p);

  template <class CellIt>
  Vertex_handle
  insert_in_hole(const Point & p, CellIt cell_begin, CellIt cell_end,
	         Cell_handle begin, int i)
  {
      // Some geometric preconditions should be tested...
      Vertex_handle v = _tds.insert_in_hole(cell_begin, cell_end, begin, i);
      v->set_point(p);
      return v;
  }
 
protected:
  // - c is the current cell, which must be in conflict.
  // - tester is the function object that tests if a cell is in conflict.
  //
  // in_conflict_flag value :
  // 0 -> unknown
  // 1 -> in conflict
  // 2 -> not in conflict (== on boundary)
  template <
	    class Conflict_test,
            class OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets,
            class OutputIteratorCells,
            class OutputIteratorInternalFacets>
  Triple<OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets,
         OutputIteratorCells,
         OutputIteratorInternalFacets>
  find_conflicts(Cell_handle d, const Conflict_test &tester,
		 Triple<OutputIteratorBoundaryFacets,
                        OutputIteratorCells,
		        OutputIteratorInternalFacets> it) const
  {
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension()>=2 );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( tester(d) );

    std::stack<Cell_handle> cell_stack;
    cell_stack.push(d);
    d->set_in_conflict_flag(1);
    *it.second++ = d;

    do {
        Cell_handle c = cell_stack.top();
		cell_stack.pop();
		
        for (int i=0; i<dimension()+1; ++i) {
          Cell_handle test = c->neighbor(i);
          if (test->get_in_conflict_flag() == 1) {
	        if (c < test)
	          *it.third++ = Facet(c, i); // Internal facet.
            continue; // test was already in conflict.
          }
          if (test->get_in_conflict_flag() == 0) {
	        if (tester(test)) {
	          if (c < test)
		        *it.third++ = Facet(c, i); // Internal facet.

              cell_stack.push(test);
              test->set_in_conflict_flag(1);
              *it.second++ = test;
	          continue;
	        }
     	    test->set_in_conflict_flag(2); // test is on the boundary.
          }
          *it.first++ = Facet(c, i);
        }
    } while(!cell_stack.empty());
    return it;
  }

  // This one takes a function object to recursively determine the cells in
  // conflict, then calls _tds._insert_in_hole().
  template < class Conflict_test >
  Vertex_handle
  insert_conflict(Cell_handle c, const Conflict_test &tester)
  {
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() >= 2 );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( c != Cell_handle() );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( tester(c) );

    std::vector<Cell_handle> cells;
    cells.reserve(32);

    Facet facet;

    // Find the cells in conflict
    switch (dimension()) {
    case 3:
      find_conflicts(c, tester, make_triple(Oneset_iterator<Facet>(facet),
					    std::back_inserter(cells),
					    Emptyset_iterator()));
      break;
    case 2:
      find_conflicts(c, tester, make_triple(Oneset_iterator<Facet>(facet),
					    std::back_inserter(cells),
					    Emptyset_iterator()));
    }
    // Create the new cells and delete the old.
    return _tds._insert_in_hole(cells.begin(), cells.end(),
				  facet.first, facet.second);
  }

private:
  // Here are the conflit tester function objects passed to
  // insert_conflict_[23]() by insert_outside_convex_hull().
  class Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_3
  {
      const Point &p;
      const Self *t;

  public:

      Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_3(const Point &pt, const Self *tr)
	  : p(pt), t(tr) {}

      bool operator()(const Cell_handle c) const
      {
	  Locate_type loc;
          int i, j;
	  return t->side_of_cell( p, c, loc, i, j ) == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
      }
  };

  class Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_2
  {
      const Point &p;
      const Self *t;

  public:

      Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_2(const Point &pt, const Self *tr)
	  : p(pt), t(tr) {}

      bool operator()(const Cell_handle c) const
      {
	  Locate_type loc;
          int i, j;
	  return t->side_of_facet( p, c, loc, i, j ) == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
      }
  };

protected:
  // test_dim_down needs to be protected because it is used by the
  // ear algorithm in Delaunay_triangulation_3
  bool test_dim_down(Vertex_handle v) const;
  template < class VertexRemover >
  void remove(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover);

private:
  typedef Facet Edge_2D;
  typedef Triple<Vertex_handle,Vertex_handle,Vertex_handle> Vertex_triple;

  Vertex_triple make_vertex_triple(const Facet& f) const;
  void make_canonical(Vertex_triple& t) const;

  template < class VertexRemover >
  VertexRemover& make_hole_2D(Vertex_handle v, std::list<Edge_2D> & hole,
      VertexRemover &remover);
  template < class VertexRemover >
  void fill_hole_2D(std::list<Edge_2D> & hole, VertexRemover &remover);
  void make_hole_3D( Vertex_handle v, std::map<Vertex_triple,Facet>& outer_map,
      std::vector<Cell_handle> & hole);

  template < class VertexRemover >
  VertexRemover& remove_dim_down(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover);
  template < class VertexRemover >
  VertexRemover& remove_1D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover);
  template < class VertexRemover >
  VertexRemover& remove_2D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover);
  template < class VertexRemover >
  VertexRemover& remove_3D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover);


  // They access "Self", so need to be friend.
  friend class Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_3;
  friend class Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_2;
  friend class Infinite_tester;
  friend class Finite_vertices_iterator;
  friend class Finite_cells_iterator;

public:

  //TRAVERSING : ITERATORS AND CIRCULATORS
  Finite_cells_iterator finite_cells_begin() const
  {
      if ( dimension() < 3 )
	  return finite_cells_end();
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(cells_end(), Infinite_tester(this),
	                           cells_begin());
  }
  Finite_cells_iterator finite_cells_end() const
  {
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(cells_end(), Infinite_tester(this));
  }

  Cell_iterator cells_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.cells_begin();
  }
  Cell_iterator cells_end() const
  {
      return _tds.cells_end();
  }

  All_cells_iterator all_cells_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.cells_begin();
  }
  All_cells_iterator all_cells_end() const
  {
      return _tds.cells_end();
  }

  Finite_vertices_iterator finite_vertices_begin() const
  {
      if ( number_of_vertices() <= 0 )
	  return finite_vertices_end();
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(vertices_end(), Infinite_tester(this),
	                           vertices_begin());
  }
  Finite_vertices_iterator finite_vertices_end() const
  {
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(vertices_end(), Infinite_tester(this));
  }

  Vertex_iterator vertices_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.vertices_begin();
  }
  Vertex_iterator vertices_end() const
  {
      return _tds.vertices_end();
  }

  All_vertices_iterator all_vertices_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.vertices_begin();
  }
  All_vertices_iterator all_vertices_end() const
  {
      return _tds.vertices_end();
  }

  Finite_edges_iterator finite_edges_begin() const
  {
      if ( dimension() < 1 )
	  return finite_edges_end();
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(edges_end(), Infinite_tester(this),
	                           edges_begin());
  }
  Finite_edges_iterator finite_edges_end() const
  {
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(edges_end(), Infinite_tester(this));
  }

  Edge_iterator edges_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.edges_begin();
  }
  Edge_iterator edges_end() const
  {
      return _tds.edges_end();
  }

  All_edges_iterator all_edges_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.edges_begin();
  }
  All_edges_iterator all_edges_end() const
  {
      return _tds.edges_end();
  }

  Finite_facets_iterator finite_facets_begin() const
  {
      if ( dimension() < 2 )
	  return finite_facets_end();
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(facets_end(), Infinite_tester(this),
	                           facets_begin());
  }
  Finite_facets_iterator finite_facets_end() const
  {
      return CGAL::filter_iterator(facets_end(), Infinite_tester(this));
  }

  Facet_iterator facets_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.facets_begin();
  }
  Facet_iterator facets_end() const
  {
      return _tds.facets_end();
  }

  All_facets_iterator all_facets_begin() const
  {
      return _tds.facets_begin();
  }
  All_facets_iterator all_facets_end() const
  {
      return _tds.facets_end();
  }

  Point_iterator points_begin() const
  {
      return Point_iterator(finite_vertices_begin());
  }
  Point_iterator points_end() const
  {
      return Point_iterator(finite_vertices_end());
  }

  // cells around an edge
  Cell_circulator incident_cells(const Edge & e) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_cells(e);
  }
  Cell_circulator incident_cells(Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_cells(c, i, j);
  }
  Cell_circulator incident_cells(const Edge & e, Cell_handle start) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_cells(e, start);
  }
  Cell_circulator incident_cells(Cell_handle c, int i, int j, 
				 Cell_handle start) const  
  {
    return _tds.incident_cells(c, i, j, start);
  }

  // facets around an edge
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(const Edge & e) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(e);
  }
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(c, i, j);
  }
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(const Edge & e, const Facet & start) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(e, start);
  }
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(Cell_handle c, int i, int j, 
				   const Facet & start) const  
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(c, i, j, start);
  }
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(const Edge & e, 
				   Cell_handle start, int f) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(e, start, f);
  }
  Facet_circulator incident_facets(Cell_handle c, int i, int j, 
				   Cell_handle start, int f) const  
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(c, i, j, start, f);
  }

  // around a vertex
  class Finite_filter {
    const Self* t;
    public:
    Finite_filter(const Self* _t): t(_t) {}
    template<class T>
    bool operator() (const T& e) const {
      return t->is_infinite(e);
    }
  };

  class Finite_filter_2D {
    const Self* t;
    public:
    Finite_filter_2D(const Self* _t): t(_t) {}

    template<class T>
    bool operator() (const T& e) const {
      return t->is_infinite(e);
    }

    bool operator() (const Cell_handle c) {
      return t->is_infinite(c, 3);
    }
  };

  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  incident_cells(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator cells) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_cells(v, cells);
  }

  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  finite_incident_cells(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator cells) const
  {
  	if(dimension() == 2)
  	  return _tds.incident_cells(v, cells, Finite_filter_2D(this));
    return _tds.incident_cells(v, cells, Finite_filter(this));
  }
  
  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  incident_facets(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator facets) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(v, facets);
  }

  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  finite_incident_facets(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator facets) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_facets(v, facets, Finite_filter(this));
  }

  // old name (up to CGAL 3.4)
  // kept for backwards compatibility but not documented
  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  incident_vertices(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator vertices) const
  {
    return _tds.adjacent_vertices(v, vertices);
  }

  // correct name 
  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  adjacent_vertices(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator vertices) const
  {
    return _tds.adjacent_vertices(v, vertices);
  }

  // old name (up to CGAL 3.4)
  // kept for backwards compatibility but not documented
  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  finite_incident_vertices(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator vertices) const
  {
    return _tds.adjacent_vertices(v, vertices, Finite_filter(this));
  }

  // correct name 
  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  finite_adjacent_vertices(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator vertices) const
  {
    return _tds.adjacent_vertices(v, vertices, Finite_filter(this));
  }

  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  incident_edges(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator edges) const
  {
      return _tds.incident_edges(v, edges);
  }

  template <class OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator
  finite_incident_edges(Vertex_handle v, OutputIterator edges) const
  {
    return _tds.incident_edges(v, edges, Finite_filter(this));
  }

  size_type degree(Vertex_handle v) const
  {
      return _tds.degree(v);
  }



  // CHECKING
  bool is_valid(bool verbose = false, int level = 0) const;

  bool is_valid(Cell_handle c, bool verbose = false, int level = 0) const;

  bool is_valid_finite(Cell_handle c, bool verbose = false, int level=0) const;
};

template < class GT, class Tds >
std::istream & 
operator>> (std::istream& is, Triangulation_3<GT, Tds> &tr)
  // reads
  // the dimension
  // the number of finite vertices
  // the non combinatorial information on vertices (point, etc)
  // the number of cells
  // the cells by the indices of their vertices in the preceding list
  // of vertices, plus the non combinatorial information on each cell
  // the neighbors of each cell by their index in the preceding list of cells
  // when dimension < 3 : the same with faces of maximal dimension
{
  typedef Triangulation_3<GT, Tds>               Triangulation;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Vertex_handle  Vertex_handle;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Cell_handle    Cell_handle;

  tr._tds.clear(); // infinite vertex deleted
  tr.infinite = tr._tds.create_vertex();

  int n, d;
  if(is_ascii(is))
     is >> d >> n;
  else {
    read(is, d);
    read(is, n);
  }
  tr._tds.set_dimension(d);

  std::map< int, Vertex_handle > V;
  V[0] = tr.infinite_vertex();
  // the infinite vertex is numbered 0

  for (int i=1; i <= n; i++) {
    V[i] = tr._tds.create_vertex();
    is >> *V[i];
  }

  std::map< int, Cell_handle > C;

  int m;
  tr._tds.read_cells(is, V, m, C);

  for (int j=0 ; j < m; j++)
    is >> *(C[j]);

  CGAL_triangulation_assertion( tr.is_valid(false) );
  return is;
}
    
template < class GT, class Tds >
std::ostream & 
operator<< (std::ostream& os, const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds> &tr)
  // writes :
  // the dimension
  // the number of finite vertices
  // the non combinatorial information on vertices (point, etc)
  // the number of cells
  // the cells by the indices of their vertices in the preceding list
  // of vertices, plus the non combinatorial information on each cell
  // the neighbors of each cell by their index in the preceding list of cells
  // when dimension < 3 : the same with faces of maximal dimension
{
  typedef Triangulation_3<GT, Tds>                 Triangulation;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Vertex_handle    Vertex_handle;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Vertex_iterator  Vertex_iterator;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Cell_iterator    Cell_iterator;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Edge_iterator    Edge_iterator;
  typedef typename Triangulation::Facet_iterator   Facet_iterator;

  // outputs dimension and number of vertices
  int n = tr.number_of_vertices();
  if (is_ascii(os))
    os << tr.dimension() << std::endl << n << std::endl;
  else
  {
    write(os, tr.dimension());
    write(os, n);
  }

  if (n == 0)
    return os;
 
  std::vector<Vertex_handle> TV(n+1);
  int i = 0;

  // write the vertices

  for (Vertex_iterator it=tr.vertices_begin(); it!=tr.vertices_end(); ++it)
    TV[i++] = it;

  CGAL_triangulation_assertion( i == n+1 ); 
  CGAL_triangulation_assertion( tr.is_infinite(TV[0]) );

  std::map<Vertex_handle, int > V;

  V[tr.infinite_vertex()] = 0;
  for (i=1; i <= n; i++) {
    os << *TV[i];
    V[TV[i]] = i;
    if (is_ascii(os))
	os << std::endl;
  }

    // asks the tds for the combinatorial information 
  tr.tds().print_cells(os, V);


  // write the non combinatorial information on the cells
  // using the << operator of Cell
  // works because the iterator of the tds traverses the cells in the
  // same order as the iterator of the triangulation
  switch ( tr.dimension() ) {
  case 3:
    {
      for(Cell_iterator it=tr.cells_begin(); it != tr.cells_end(); ++it) {
	os << *it; // other information
        if(is_ascii(os))
          os << std::endl;
      }
      break;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      for(Facet_iterator it=tr.facets_begin(); it != tr.facets_end(); ++it) {
	os << *((*it).first); // other information
        if(is_ascii(os))
          os << std::endl;
      }
      break;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      for(Edge_iterator it=tr.edges_begin(); it != tr.edges_end(); ++it) {
	os << *((*it).first); // other information 
        if(is_ascii(os))
          os << std::endl;
      }
      break;
    }
  }

  
  return os ;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_finite_cells() const 
{ 
  if ( dimension() < 3 ) return 0;
  return std::distance(finite_cells_begin(), finite_cells_end());
}
  
template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_cells() const 
{ 
  return _tds.number_of_cells();
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_finite_facets() const
{
  if ( dimension() < 2 ) return 0;
  return std::distance(finite_facets_begin(), finite_facets_end());
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_facets() const
{
  return _tds.number_of_facets();
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_finite_edges() const
{
  if ( dimension() < 1 ) return 0;
  return std::distance(finite_edges_begin(), finite_edges_end());
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::size_type
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
number_of_edges() const
{
  return _tds.number_of_edges();
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Triangle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
triangle(const Cell_handle c, int i) const
{ 
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 2 || dimension() == 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 2 && i == 3)
				|| (dimension() == 3 && i >= 0 && i <= 3) );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! is_infinite(Facet(c, i)) );
  if ( (i&1)==0 ) 
    return construct_triangle(c->vertex( (i+2)&3 )->point(),
			      c->vertex( (i+1)&3 )->point(),
			      c->vertex( (i+3)&3 )->point());
  return construct_triangle(c->vertex( (i+1)&3 )->point(),
			    c->vertex( (i+2)&3 )->point(),
			    c->vertex( (i+3)&3 )->point());
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Segment
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
segment(const Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( i != j );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() >= 1 && dimension() <= 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( i >= 0 && i <= dimension() 
				   && j >= 0 && j <= dimension() );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! is_infinite(Edge(c, i, j)) );
  return construct_segment( c->vertex(i)->point(), c->vertex(j)->point() );
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_infinite(const Cell_handle c, int i) const 
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 2 || dimension() == 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 2 && i == 3)
				   || (dimension() == 3 && i >= 0 && i <= 3) );
  return is_infinite(c->vertex(i<=0 ? 1 : 0)) ||
	 is_infinite(c->vertex(i<=1 ? 2 : 1)) ||
	 is_infinite(c->vertex(i<=2 ? 3 : 2));
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_infinite(const Cell_handle c, int i, int j) const 
{ 
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( i != j );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() >= 1 && dimension() <= 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition(
	  i >= 0 && i <= dimension() && j >= 0 && j <= dimension() );
  return is_infinite( c->vertex(i) ) || is_infinite( c->vertex(j) );
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_vertex(const Point & p, Vertex_handle & v) const
{
  Locate_type lt;
  int li, lj;
  Cell_handle c = locate( p, lt, li, lj );
  if ( lt != VERTEX )
    return false;
  v = c->vertex(li);
  return true;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_vertex(Vertex_handle v) const
{
  return _tds.is_vertex(v);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_edge(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v,
	Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j) const
{
  return _tds.is_edge(u, v, c, i, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_facet(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, Vertex_handle w,
	 Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j, int & k) const
{
  return _tds.is_facet(u, v, w, c, i, j, k);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_cell(Cell_handle c) const
{
  return _tds.is_cell(c);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_cell(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, 
	Vertex_handle w, Vertex_handle t,
	Cell_handle & c, int & i, int & j, int & k, int & l) const
{
  return _tds.is_cell(u, v, w, t, c, i, j, k, l);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_cell(Vertex_handle u, Vertex_handle v, 
	Vertex_handle w, Vertex_handle t,
	Cell_handle & c) const
{
  int i,j,k,l;
  return _tds.is_cell(u, v, w, t, c, i, j, k, l);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
has_vertex(const Facet & f, Vertex_handle v, int & j) const
{
  return _tds.has_vertex(f.first, f.second, v, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
has_vertex(Cell_handle c, int i, Vertex_handle v, int & j) const
{
  return _tds.has_vertex(c, i, v, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
has_vertex(const Facet & f, Vertex_handle v) const
{
  return _tds.has_vertex(f.first, f.second, v);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
has_vertex(Cell_handle c, int i, Vertex_handle v) const
{
  return _tds.has_vertex(c, i, v);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
are_equal(Cell_handle c, int i, Cell_handle n, int j) const
{
  return _tds.are_equal(c, i, n, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
are_equal(const Facet & f, const Facet & g) const
{
  return _tds.are_equal(f.first, f.second, g.first, g.second);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
are_equal(const Facet & f, Cell_handle n, int j) const
{
  return _tds.are_equal(f.first, f.second, n, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Cell_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
locate(const Point & p, Locate_type & lt, int & li, int & lj,
       Cell_handle start ) const
  // returns the (finite or infinite) cell p lies in
  // starts at cell "start"
  // if lt == OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL, li is the
  // index of a facet separating p from the rest of the triangulation
  // in dimension 2 :
  // returns a facet (Cell_handle,li) if lt == FACET
  // returns an edge (Cell_handle,li,lj) if lt == EDGE
  // returns a vertex (Cell_handle,li) if lt == VERTEX
  // if lt == OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL, li, lj give the edge of c
  // separating p from the rest of the triangulation
  // lt = OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL if p is not coplanar with the triangulation
{
    if ( dimension() >= 1 ) {
        // Make sure we continue from here with a finite cell.
        if ( start == Cell_handle() )
            start = infinite_cell();

        int ind_inf;
        if ( start->has_vertex(infinite, ind_inf) )
	    start = start->neighbor(ind_inf);
    }

  switch (dimension()) {
  case 3:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( start != Cell_handle() );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! start->has_vertex(infinite) );

      // We implement the remembering visibility/stochastic walk.

      // Remembers the previous cell to avoid useless orientation tests.
      Cell_handle previous = Cell_handle();
      Cell_handle c = start;

      // Stores the results of the 4 orientation tests.  It will be used
      // at the end to decide if p lies on a face/edge/vertex/interior.
      Orientation o[4];

      // Now treat the cell c.
      try_next_cell:

        // We know that the 4 vertices of c are positively oriented.
        // So, in order to test if p is seen outside from one of c's facets,
        // we just replace the corresponding point by p in the orientation
        // test.  We do this using the array below.
        const Point* pts[4] = { &(c->vertex(0)->point()),
                                &(c->vertex(1)->point()),
                                &(c->vertex(2)->point()),
                                &(c->vertex(3)->point()) };

        // For the remembering stochastic walk,
        // we need to start trying with a random index :
	int i = rng.template get_bits<2>();
        // For the remembering visibility walk (Delaunay only), we don't :
	// int i = 0;

        for (int j=0; j != 4; ++j, i = (i+1)&3) {
	    Cell_handle next = c->neighbor(i);
	    if (previous == next) {
	        o[i] = POSITIVE;
                continue;
            }
            // We temporarily put p at i's place in pts.
            const Point* backup = pts[i];
            pts[i] = &p;
	    o[i] = orientation(*pts[0], *pts[1], *pts[2], *pts[3]);
	    if ( o[i] != NEGATIVE ) {
                pts[i] = backup;
                continue;
            }
	    if ( next->has_vertex(infinite, li) ) {
	        // We are outside the convex hull.
	        lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
	        return next;
	    }
	    previous = c;
	    c = next;
            goto try_next_cell;
        }

	// now p is in c or on its boundary
	int sum = ( o[0] == COPLANAR )
	        + ( o[1] == COPLANAR )
	        + ( o[2] == COPLANAR )
	        + ( o[3] == COPLANAR );
	switch (sum) {
	case 0:
	  {
	    lt = CELL;
	    break;
	  }
	case 1:
	  {
	    lt = FACET;
	    li = ( o[0] == COPLANAR ) ? 0 :
	         ( o[1] == COPLANAR ) ? 1 :
	         ( o[2] == COPLANAR ) ? 2 : 3;
	    break;
	  }
	case 2:
	  {
	    lt = EDGE;
	    li = ( o[0] != COPLANAR ) ? 0 :
	         ( o[1] != COPLANAR ) ? 1 : 2;
	    lj = ( o[li+1] != COPLANAR ) ? li+1 :
	         ( o[li+2] != COPLANAR ) ? li+2 : li+3;
	    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(collinear( p,
						    c->vertex( li )->point(),
						    c->vertex( lj )->point()));
	    break;
	  }
	case 3:
	  {
	    lt = VERTEX;
	    li = ( o[0] != COPLANAR ) ? 0 :
	         ( o[1] != COPLANAR ) ? 1 :
	         ( o[2] != COPLANAR ) ? 2 : 3;
	    break;
	  }
	}
	return c;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( start != Cell_handle() );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! start->has_vertex(infinite) );
      Cell_handle c = start;

      //first tests whether p is coplanar with the current triangulation
      if ( orientation( c->vertex(0)->point(),
			c->vertex(1)->point(),
			c->vertex(2)->point(),
			p ) != DEGENERATE ) {
	lt = OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL;
	li = 3; // only one facet in dimension 2
	return c;
      }
      // if p is coplanar, location in the triangulation
      // only the facet numbered 3 exists in each cell
      while (1) {
	int inf;
	if ( c->has_vertex(infinite,inf) ) {
	  // c must contain p in its interior
	  lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
	  li = cw(inf);
	  lj = ccw(inf);
	  return c;
	}

	// else c is finite
	// we test its edges in a random order until we find a
	// neighbor to go further
	int i = rng.get_int(0, 3);
	const Point & p0 = c->vertex( i )->point();
	const Point & p1 = c->vertex( ccw(i) )->point();
	const Point & p2 = c->vertex( cw(i) )->point();
        Orientation o[3];
	CGAL_triangulation_assertion(coplanar_orientation(p0,p1,p2)==POSITIVE);
	o[0] = coplanar_orientation(p0,p1,p);
	if ( o[0] == NEGATIVE ) {
	  c = c->neighbor( cw(i) );
	  continue;
	}
	o[1] = coplanar_orientation(p1,p2,p);
	if ( o[1] == NEGATIVE ) {
	  c = c->neighbor( i );
	  continue;
	}
	o[2] = coplanar_orientation(p2,p0,p);
	if ( o[2] == NEGATIVE ) {
	  c = c->neighbor( ccw(i) );
	  continue;
	}

	// now p is in c or on its boundary
	int sum = ( o[0] == COLLINEAR )
	        + ( o[1] == COLLINEAR )
	        + ( o[2] == COLLINEAR );
	switch (sum) {
	case 0:
	  {
	    lt = FACET;
	    li = 3; // useless ?
	    break;
	  }
	case 1:
	  {
	    lt = EDGE;
	    li = ( o[0] == COLLINEAR ) ? i :
	         ( o[1] == COLLINEAR ) ? ccw(i) :
	         cw(i);
	    lj = ccw(li);
	    break;
	  }
	case 2:
	  {
	    lt = VERTEX;
	    li = ( o[0] != COLLINEAR ) ? cw(i) :
	         ( o[1] != COLLINEAR ) ? i :
	         ccw(i);
	    break;
	  }
	}
	return c;
      }
    }
  case 1:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( start != Cell_handle() );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! start->has_vertex(infinite) );
      Cell_handle c = start;

      //first tests whether p is collinear with the current triangulation
      if ( ! collinear( p,
			c->vertex(0)->point(),
			c->vertex(1)->point()) ) {
	lt = OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL;
	return c;
      }
      // if p is collinear, location :
      while (1) {
	if ( c->has_vertex(infinite) ) {
	  // c must contain p in its interior
	  lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
	  return c;
	}

	// else c is finite
	// we test on which direction to continue the traversal
	switch (collinear_position(c->vertex(0)->point(),
		                   p,
				   c->vertex(1)->point()) ) {
	case AFTER:
	  c = c->neighbor(0);
	  continue;
	case BEFORE:
	  c = c->neighbor(1);
	  continue;
	case MIDDLE:
	    lt = EDGE;
	    li = 0;
	    lj = 1;
	    return c;
	case SOURCE:
	    lt = VERTEX;
	    li = 0;
	    return c;
	case TARGET:
	    lt = VERTEX;
	    li = 1;
	    return c;
	}
      }
    }
  case 0:
    {
      Finite_vertices_iterator vit = finite_vertices_begin();
      if ( ! equal( p, vit->point() ) ) {
	lt = OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL;
      }
      else {
	lt = VERTEX;
	li = 0;
      }
      return vit->cell();
    }
  case -1:
    {
      lt = OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL;
      return Cell_handle();
    }
  default:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
      return Cell_handle();
    }
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_tetrahedron(const Point & p,
		    const Point & p0, 
		    const Point & p1,
		    const Point & p2, 
		    const Point & p3,
		    Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j ) const
  // p0,p1,p2,p3 supposed to be non coplanar
  // tetrahedron p0,p1,p2,p3 is supposed to be well oriented
  // returns :
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly inside the tetrahedron
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p lies on one of the facets
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly outside the tetrahedron
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition
    ( orientation(p0,p1,p2,p3) == POSITIVE );

  Orientation o0,o1,o2,o3;
  if ( ((o0 = orientation(p,p1,p2,p3)) == NEGATIVE) ||
       ((o1 = orientation(p0,p,p2,p3)) == NEGATIVE) ||
       ((o2 = orientation(p0,p1,p,p3)) == NEGATIVE) ||
       ((o3 = orientation(p0,p1,p2,p)) == NEGATIVE) ) {
    lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
    return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
  }

  // now all the oi's are >=0
  // sum gives the number of facets p lies on
  int sum = ( (o0 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 ) 
          + ( (o1 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 ) 
          + ( (o2 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 ) 
          + ( (o3 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 );

  switch (sum) {
  case 0:
    {
      lt = CELL;
      return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      lt = FACET;
      // i = index such that p lies on facet(i)
      i = ( o0 == ZERO ) ? 0 :
	  ( o1 == ZERO ) ? 1 :
	  ( o2 == ZERO ) ? 2 :
	  3;
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      lt = EDGE;
      // i = smallest index such that p does not lie on facet(i)
      // i must be < 3 since p lies on 2 facets
      i = ( o0 == POSITIVE ) ? 0 :
	  ( o1 == POSITIVE ) ? 1 :
	  2;
      // j = larger index such that p not on facet(j)
      // j must be > 0 since p lies on 2 facets
      j = ( o3 == POSITIVE ) ? 3 :
	  ( o2 == POSITIVE ) ? 2 :
	  1;
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  case 3:
    {
      lt = VERTEX;
      // i = index such that p does not lie on facet(i)
      i = ( o0 == POSITIVE ) ? 0 :
	  ( o1 == POSITIVE ) ? 1 :
	  ( o2 == POSITIVE ) ? 2 :
	  3;
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  default:
    {
      // impossible : cannot be on 4 facets for a real tetrahedron
      CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_cell(const Point & p, 
	     Cell_handle c,
	     Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j) const
  // returns
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p inside the cell
  // (for an infinite cell this means that p lies strictly in the half space
  // limited by its finite facet)
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p on the boundary of the cell
  // (for an infinite cell this means that p lies on the *finite* facet)
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies outside the cell
  // (for an infinite cell this means that p is not in the preceding
  // two cases)  
  // lt has a meaning only when ON_BOUNDED_SIDE or ON_BOUNDARY
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 3 );
  if ( ! is_infinite(c) ) {
    return side_of_tetrahedron(p,
			       c->vertex(0)->point(),
			       c->vertex(1)->point(),
			       c->vertex(2)->point(),
			       c->vertex(3)->point(),
			       lt, i, j);
  }
  else {
    int inf = c->index(infinite);
    Orientation o;
    Vertex_handle 
      v1=c->vertex((inf+1)&3), 
      v2=c->vertex((inf+2)&3), 
      v3=c->vertex((inf+3)&3);
    if ( (inf&1) == 0 ) 
      o = orientation(p, v1->point(), v2->point(), v3->point());
    else 
      o =  orientation(v3->point(), p, v1->point(), v2->point());

    switch (o) {
    case POSITIVE:
      {
	lt = CELL;
	return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
      }
    case NEGATIVE:
      return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
    case ZERO:
      {
	// location in the finite facet
	int i_f, j_f;
	Bounded_side side = 
	  side_of_triangle(p, v1->point(), v2->point(), v3->point(),
			   lt, i_f, j_f);
	// lt need not be modified in most cases :
	switch (side) {
	case ON_BOUNDED_SIDE:
	  {
	    // lt == FACET ok
	    i = inf;
	    return ON_BOUNDARY;
	  }
	case ON_BOUNDARY:
	  {
	    // lt == VERTEX OR EDGE ok
	    i = ( i_f == 0 ) ? ((inf+1)&3) :
	        ( i_f == 1 ) ? ((inf+2)&3) :
	        ((inf+3)&3);
	    if ( lt == EDGE ) {
	      j = (j_f == 0 ) ? ((inf+1)&3) :
		  ( j_f == 1 ) ? ((inf+2)&3) :
		  ((inf+3)&3);
	    }
	    return ON_BOUNDARY;
	  }
	case ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE:
	  {
	    // p lies on the plane defined by the finite facet
	    // lt must be initialized
	    return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
	  }
	default:
	  {
	    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	    return ON_BOUNDARY;
	  }
	} // switch side
      }// case ZERO
    default:
      {
	CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	return ON_BOUNDARY;
      }
    } // switch o
  } // else infinite cell
} // side_of_cell

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_triangle(const Point & p,
		 const Point & p0, 
		 const Point & p1,
		 const Point & p2,
		 Locate_type & lt, int & i, int & j ) const
  // p0,p1,p2 supposed to define a plane
  // p supposed to lie on plane p0,p1,p2
  // triangle p0,p1,p2 defines the orientation of the plane
  // returns
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly inside the triangle
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p lies on one of the edges
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly outside the triangle
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( coplanar(p,p0,p1,p2) );

  Orientation o012 = coplanar_orientation(p0,p1,p2);
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( o012 != COLLINEAR );

  Orientation o0; // edge p0 p1
  Orientation o1; // edge p1 p2
  Orientation o2; // edge p2 p0

  if ((o0 = coplanar_orientation(p0,p1,p)) == opposite(o012) ||
      (o1 = coplanar_orientation(p1,p2,p)) == opposite(o012) ||
      (o2 = coplanar_orientation(p2,p0,p)) == opposite(o012)) {
    lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
    return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
  }

  // now all the oi's are >=0
  // sum gives the number of edges p lies on
  int sum = ( (o0 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 ) 
          + ( (o1 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 ) 
          + ( (o2 == ZERO) ? 1 : 0 );

  switch (sum) {
  case 0:
    {
      lt = FACET;
      return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      lt = EDGE;
      i = ( o0 == ZERO ) ? 0 :
	  ( o1 == ZERO ) ? 1 :
	  2;
      if ( i == 2 ) 
	j=0;
      else 
	j = i+1;
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      lt = VERTEX;
      i = ( o0 == o012 ) ? 2 :
	  ( o1 == o012 ) ? 0 :
	  1;
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  default:
    {
      // cannot happen
      CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
      return ON_BOUNDARY;
    }
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_facet(const Point & p,
	      Cell_handle c,
	      Locate_type & lt, int & li, int & lj) const
  // supposes dimension 2 otherwise does not work for infinite facets
  // returns :
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p inside the facet
  // (for an infinite facet this means that p lies strictly in the half plane
  // limited by its finite edge)
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p on the boundary of the facet
  // (for an infinite facet this means that p lies on the *finite* edge)
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies outside the facet
  // (for an infinite facet this means that p is not in the
  // preceding two cases) 
  // lt has a meaning only when ON_BOUNDED_SIDE or ON_BOUNDARY
  // when they mean anything, li and lj refer to indices in the cell c 
  // giving the facet (c,i)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 2 );
  if ( ! is_infinite(c,3) ) {
    // The following precondition is useless because it is written
    // in side_of_facet  
    // 	CGAL_triangulation_precondition( coplanar (p, 
    // 					  c->vertex(0)->point,
    // 					  c->vertex(1)->point,
    // 					  c->vertex(2)->point) );
    int i_t, j_t;
    Bounded_side side = side_of_triangle(p,
			    c->vertex(0)->point(),
			    c->vertex(1)->point(),
			    c->vertex(2)->point(),
			    lt, i_t, j_t);
    // We protect the following code by this test to avoid valgrind messages.
    if (side == ON_BOUNDARY) {
        // indices in the original cell :
        li = ( i_t == 0 ) ? 0 :
             ( i_t == 1 ) ? 1 : 2;
        lj = ( j_t == 0 ) ? 0 :
             ( j_t == 1 ) ? 1 : 2;
    }
    return side;
  }
  // else infinite facet
  int inf = c->index(infinite);
    // The following precondition is useless because it is written
    // in side_of_facet  
    // 	CGAL_triangulation_precondition( coplanar (p,
    // 				  c->neighbor(inf)->vertex(0)->point(),
    // 				  c->neighbor(inf)->vertex(1)->point(),
    // 				  c->neighbor(inf)->vertex(2)->point()));
  int i2 = next_around_edge(inf,3);
  int i1 = 3-inf-i2;
  Vertex_handle v1 = c->vertex(i1),
                v2 = c->vertex(i2);

  CGAL_triangulation_assertion(coplanar_orientation(v1->point(), v2->point(),
	                       mirror_vertex(c, inf)->point()) == POSITIVE);

  switch (coplanar_orientation(v1->point(), v2->point(), p)) {
  case POSITIVE:
      // p lies on the same side of v1v2 as vn, so not in f
      return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
  case NEGATIVE:
      // p lies in f
      lt = FACET;
      li = 3;
      return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
  default: // case ZERO:
      // p collinear with v1v2
      int i_e;
      switch (side_of_segment(p, v1->point(), v2->point(), lt, i_e)) {
	// computation of the indices in the original cell
      case ON_BOUNDED_SIDE:
	  // lt == EDGE ok
	  li = i1;
	  lj = i2;
	  return ON_BOUNDARY;
      case ON_BOUNDARY:
	  // lt == VERTEX ok
	  li = ( i_e == 0 ) ? i1 : i2;
	  return ON_BOUNDARY;
      default: // case ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE:
	  // p lies on the line defined by the finite edge
	  return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
      } 
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_segment(const Point & p,
		const Point & p0, 
		const Point & p1,
		Locate_type & lt, int & i ) const
  // p0, p1 supposed to be different
  // p supposed to be collinear to p0, p1
  // returns :
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly inside the edge
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p equals p0 or p1
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies strictly outside the edge
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! equal(p0, p1) );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( collinear(p, p0, p1) );

  switch (collinear_position(p0, p, p1)) {
  case MIDDLE:
    lt = EDGE;
    return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
  case SOURCE:
    lt = VERTEX;
    i = 0;
    return ON_BOUNDARY;
  case TARGET:
    lt = VERTEX;
    i = 1;
    return ON_BOUNDARY;
  default: // case BEFORE: case AFTER:
    lt = OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL;
    return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
Bounded_side
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
side_of_edge(const Point & p,
	     Cell_handle c,
	     Locate_type & lt, int & li) const
  // supposes dimension 1 otherwise does not work for infinite edges
  // returns :
  // ON_BOUNDED_SIDE if p inside the edge 
  // (for an infinite edge this means that p lies in the half line
  // defined by the vertex)
  // ON_BOUNDARY if p equals one of the vertices
  // ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE if p lies outside the edge
  // (for an infinite edge this means that p lies on the other half line)
  // lt has a meaning when ON_BOUNDED_SIDE and ON_BOUNDARY  
  // li refer to indices in the cell c 
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 1 );
  if ( ! is_infinite(c,0,1) ) 
    return side_of_segment(p, c->vertex(0)->point(), c->vertex(1)->point(),
			   lt, li);
  // else infinite edge
  int inf = c->index(infinite);
  switch (collinear_position(c->vertex(1-inf)->point(), p,
	                     mirror_vertex(c, inf)->point())) {
      case SOURCE:
	  lt = VERTEX;
	  li = 1-inf;
	  return ON_BOUNDARY;
      case BEFORE:
          lt = EDGE;
          return ON_BOUNDED_SIDE;
      default: // case MIDDLE: case AFTER: case TARGET:
          return ON_UNBOUNDED_SIDE;
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
flip( Cell_handle c, int i )
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 3) && (0<=i) && (i<4) 
				   && (number_of_vertices() >= 5) );

  Cell_handle n = c->neighbor(i);
  int in = n->index(c);
  if ( is_infinite( c ) || is_infinite( n ) ) return false;
  
  if ( i%2 == 1 ) {
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
  }
  else {
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
    if ( orientation( c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
		      c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
		      n->vertex(in)->point(),
		      c->vertex(i)->point() )
	 != POSITIVE ) return false;
  }

  _tds.flip_flippable(c, i);
  return true;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
void
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
flip_flippable( Cell_handle c, int i )
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 3) && (0<=i) && (i<4) 
				   && (number_of_vertices() >= 5) );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition_code( Cell_handle n = c->neighbor(i); );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition_code( int in = n->index(c); );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ( ! is_infinite( c ) ) && 
				   ( ! is_infinite( n ) ) );
  
  if ( i%2 == 1 ) {
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
  }
  else {
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( orientation( c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
						  c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
						  n->vertex(in)->point(),
						  c->vertex(i)->point() )
				     == POSITIVE );
  }
  
  _tds.flip_flippable(c, i);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
flip( Cell_handle c, int i, int j )
  // flips edge i,j of cell c
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 3) 
				   && (0<=i) && (i<4) 
				   && (0<=j) && (j<4)
				   && ( i != j )
				   && (number_of_vertices() >= 5) );

  // checks that degree 3 and not on the convex hull
  int degree = 0;
  Cell_circulator ccir = incident_cells(c,i,j);
  Cell_circulator cdone = ccir;
  do {
    if ( is_infinite(ccir) ) return false;
    ++degree;
    ++ccir;
  } while ( ccir != cdone );

  if ( degree != 3 ) return false;

  // checks that future tetrahedra are well oriented
  Cell_handle n = c->neighbor( next_around_edge(i,j) );
  int in = n->index( c->vertex(i) );
  int jn = n->index( c->vertex(j) );
  if ( orientation( c->vertex(next_around_edge(i,j))->point(),
		    c->vertex(next_around_edge(j,i))->point(),
		    n->vertex(next_around_edge(jn,in))->point(),
		    c->vertex(j)->point() )
       != POSITIVE ) return false;
  if ( orientation( c->vertex(i)->point(),
		    c->vertex(next_around_edge(j,i))->point(),
		    n->vertex(next_around_edge(jn,in))->point(),
		    c->vertex(next_around_edge(i,j))->point() )
       != POSITIVE ) return false;

  _tds.flip_flippable(c, i, j);
  return true;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
void
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
flip_flippable( Cell_handle c, int i, int j )
  // flips edge i,j of cell c
{
#if !defined CGAL_TRIANGULATION_NO_PRECONDITIONS && \
    !defined CGAL_NO_PRECONDITIONS && !defined NDEBUG
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 3) 
				   && (0<=i) && (i<4) 
				   && (0<=j) && (j<4)
				   && ( i != j )
				   && (number_of_vertices() >= 5) );
  int degree = 0;
  Cell_circulator ccir = incident_cells(c,i,j);
  Cell_circulator cdone = ccir;
  do {
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! is_infinite(ccir) );
    ++degree;
    ++ccir;
  } while ( ccir != cdone );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( degree == 3 );

  Cell_handle n = c->neighbor( next_around_edge(i, j) );
  int in = n->index( c->vertex(i) );
  int jn = n->index( c->vertex(j) );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition
    ( orientation( c->vertex(next_around_edge(i,j))->point(),
		   c->vertex(next_around_edge(j,i))->point(),
		   n->vertex(next_around_edge(jn,in))->point(),
		   c->vertex(j)->point() ) == POSITIVE );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition
    ( orientation( c->vertex(i)->point(),
		   c->vertex(next_around_edge(j,i))->point(),
		   n->vertex(next_around_edge(jn,in))->point(),
		   c->vertex(next_around_edge(i,j))->point() ) == POSITIVE );
#endif
  _tds.flip_flippable(c, i, j);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert(const Point & p, Cell_handle start)
{
  Locate_type lt;
  int li, lj;
  Cell_handle c = locate( p, lt, li, lj, start);
  return insert(p, lt, c, li, lj);
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert(const Point & p, Locate_type lt, Cell_handle c, int li, int lj)
{
  switch (lt) {
  case VERTEX:
    return c->vertex(li);
  case EDGE:
    return insert_in_edge(p, c, li, lj);
  case FACET:
    return insert_in_facet(p, c, li);
  case CELL:
    return insert_in_cell(p, c);
  case OUTSIDE_CONVEX_HULL:
    return insert_outside_convex_hull(p, c);
  case OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL:
  default:
    return insert_outside_affine_hull(p);
  }
}



template < class GT, class Tds >
template < class Conflict_tester, class Hidden_points_visitor >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_in_conflict(const Point & p, 
		   Locate_type lt, Cell_handle c, int li, int /*lj*/,
		   const Conflict_tester &tester,
		   Hidden_points_visitor &hider)
{
  Vertex_handle v;

  switch (dimension()) {
  case 3:
    {
      if ((lt == VERTEX) &&
	  (tester.compare_weight(c->vertex(li)->point(), p)==0) ) {
	return c->vertex(li);
      }
      // If the new point is not in conflict with its cell, it is hidden.
      if (!tester.test_initial_cell(c)) {
	hider.hide_point(c,p);
	return Vertex_handle();
      }
      
      // Ok, we really insert the point now.
      // First, find the conflict region.
      std::vector<Cell_handle> cells;
      Facet facet;
      
      cells.reserve(32);
      find_conflicts
	(c, tester, make_triple(Oneset_iterator<Facet>(facet),
				std::back_inserter(cells),
				Emptyset_iterator()));
      
      // Remember the points that are hidden by the conflicting cells,
      // as they will be deleted during the insertion.
      hider.process_cells_in_conflict(cells.begin(), cells.end());
      
      
      // Insertion.
      v = tds()._insert_in_hole(cells.begin(), cells.end(),
				facet.first, facet.second);
      
      v->set_point (p);
      // Store the hidden points in their new cells.
      hider.reinsert_vertices(v);
      return v;
    }
  case 2: 
    {
      // This check is added compared to the 3D case
      if (lt == OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL)
	return insert_outside_affine_hull (p);

      if ((lt == VERTEX) &&
	  (tester.compare_weight(c->vertex(li)->point(), p)==0) ) {
	return c->vertex(li);
      }
      // If the new point is not in conflict with its cell, it is hidden.
      if (!tester.test_initial_cell(c)) {
	hider.hide_point(c,p);
	return Vertex_handle();
      }
      
      // Ok, we really insert the point now.
      // First, find the conflict region.
      std::vector<Cell_handle> cells;
      Facet facet;
      
      cells.reserve(32);
      find_conflicts
	(c, tester, make_triple(Oneset_iterator<Facet>(facet),
				std::back_inserter(cells),
				Emptyset_iterator()));
      
      // Remember the points that are hidden by the conflicting cells,
      // as they will be deleted during the insertion.
      hider.process_cells_in_conflict(cells.begin(), cells.end());
      
      
      // Insertion.
      v = tds()._insert_in_hole(cells.begin(), cells.end(),
				facet.first, facet.second);
      
      v->set_point (p);
      // Store the hidden points in their new cells.
      hider.reinsert_vertices(v);
      return v;
    }
  default:
    {
      // dimension() <= 1
      if (lt == OUTSIDE_AFFINE_HULL)
	return insert_outside_affine_hull (p);

      if (lt == VERTEX && 
	  tester.compare_weight(c->vertex(li)->point(), p) == 0) {
	return c->vertex(li);
      }

      // If the new point is not in conflict with its cell, it is hidden.
      if (! tester.test_initial_cell(c)) {
	hider.hide_point(c,p);
	return Vertex_handle();
      }

      if (dimension() == 0) {
	return hider.replace_vertex(c, li, p);
      }


      // dimension() == 1;

      // Ok, we really insert the point now.
      // First, find the conflict region.
      std::vector<Cell_handle> cells;
      Facet facet;
      Cell_handle bound[2];
      // corresponding index: bound[j]->neighbor(1-j) is in conflict.

      // We get all cells in conflict,
      // and remember the 2 external boundaries.
      cells.push_back(c);

      for (int j = 0; j<2; ++j) {
	Cell_handle n = c->neighbor(j);
	while ( tester(n) ) {
	  cells.push_back(n);
	  n = n->neighbor(j);
	}
	bound[j] = n;
      }

      // Insertion.
      hider.process_cells_in_conflict(cells.begin(), cells.end());

      tds().delete_cells(cells.begin(), cells.end());
      
      // We preserve the order (like the orientation in 2D-3D).
      v = tds().create_vertex();
      Cell_handle c0 = tds().create_face(v, bound[0]->vertex(0), Vertex_handle());
      Cell_handle c1 = tds().create_face(bound[1]->vertex(1), v, Vertex_handle());
      tds().set_adjacency(c0, 1, c1, 0);
      tds().set_adjacency(bound[0], 1, c0, 0);
      tds().set_adjacency(c1, 1, bound[1], 0);
      bound[0]->vertex(0)->set_cell(bound[0]);
      bound[1]->vertex(1)->set_cell(bound[1]);
      v->set_cell(c0);
      v->set_point (p);

      hider.reinsert_vertices(v);

      return v;
    }
  }
  

}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_in_cell(const Point & p, Cell_handle c)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition_code
    ( Locate_type lt;
      int i; int j; );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition
    ( side_of_tetrahedron( p, 
			   c->vertex(0)->point(),
			   c->vertex(1)->point(),
			   c->vertex(2)->point(),
			   c->vertex(3)->point(),
			   lt,i,j ) == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE );

    Vertex_handle v = _tds.insert_in_cell(c);
    v->set_point(p);
    return v;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
inline
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_in_facet(const Point & p, Cell_handle c, int i)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() == 2 || dimension() == 3);
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( (dimension() == 2 && i == 3)
	                        || (dimension() == 3 && i >= 0 && i <= 3) );
  CGAL_triangulation_exactness_precondition_code
    ( Locate_type lt;
      int li; int lj; );
  CGAL_triangulation_exactness_precondition
    ( coplanar( p, c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
		   c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
		   c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point() )
      && 
      side_of_triangle( p, 
			c->vertex((i+1)&3)->point(),
			c->vertex((i+2)&3)->point(),
			c->vertex((i+3)&3)->point(),
			lt, li, lj) == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE );

    Vertex_handle v = _tds.insert_in_facet(c, i);
    v->set_point(p);
    return v;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_in_edge(const Point & p, Cell_handle c, int i, int j)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( i != j );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() >= 1 && dimension() <= 3 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( i >= 0 && i <= dimension() 
				   && j >= 0 && j <= dimension() );
  CGAL_triangulation_exactness_precondition_code( Locate_type lt; int li; );
  switch ( dimension() ) {
  case 3:
  case 2:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition( ! is_infinite(c, i, j) );
      CGAL_triangulation_exactness_precondition(
                         collinear( c->vertex(i)->point(),
				    p,
				    c->vertex(j)->point() )
	              && side_of_segment( p,
					  c->vertex(i)->point(),
					  c->vertex(j)->point(),
					  lt, li ) == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE );
      break;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      CGAL_triangulation_exactness_precondition( side_of_edge(p, c, lt, li)
				                 == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE );
      break;
    }
  }

  Vertex_handle v = _tds.insert_in_edge(c, i, j);
  v->set_point(p);
  return v;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_outside_convex_hull(const Point & p, Cell_handle c)
  // c is an infinite cell containing p
  // p is strictly outside the convex hull
  // dimension 0 not allowed, use outside-affine-hull
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() > 0 );
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( c->has_vertex(infinite) );
  // the precondition that p is in c is tested in each of the
  // insertion methods called from this method 
  switch ( dimension() ) {
  case 1:
    {
      // 	// p lies in the infinite edge neighboring c 
      // 	// on the other side of li
      // 	return insert_in_edge(p,c->neighbor(1-li),0,1);
      return insert_in_edge(p,c,0,1);
    }
  case 2:
    {
      Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_2 tester(p, this);
      Vertex_handle v = insert_conflict(c, tester);
      v->set_point(p);
      return v;
    }
  default: // case 3:
    {
      Conflict_tester_outside_convex_hull_3 tester(p, this);
      Vertex_handle v = insert_conflict(c, tester);
      v->set_point(p);
      return v;
    }
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::Vertex_handle
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
insert_outside_affine_hull(const Point & p)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( dimension() < 3 );
  bool reorient;
  switch ( dimension() ) {
  case 1:
    {
      Cell_handle c = infinite_cell();
      Cell_handle n = c->neighbor(c->index(infinite_vertex()));
      Orientation o = coplanar_orientation(n->vertex(0)->point(),
					   n->vertex(1)->point(), p);
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition ( o != COLLINEAR );
      reorient = o == NEGATIVE;
      break;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      Cell_handle c = infinite_cell();
      Cell_handle n = c->neighbor(c->index(infinite_vertex()));
      Orientation o = orientation( n->vertex(0)->point(),
			           n->vertex(1)->point(),
			           n->vertex(2)->point(), p );
      CGAL_triangulation_precondition ( o != COPLANAR );
      reorient = o == NEGATIVE;
      break;
    }
  default:
    reorient = false;
  }

  Vertex_handle v = _tds.insert_increase_dimension(infinite_vertex());
  v->set_point(p);

  if (reorient)
      _tds.reorient();

  return v;
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
typename Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::Vertex_triple
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
make_vertex_triple(const Facet& f) const
{
  Cell_handle ch = f.first;
  int i = f.second;

  return Vertex_triple(ch->vertex(vertex_triple_index(i,0)),
      ch->vertex(vertex_triple_index(i,1)),
      ch->vertex(vertex_triple_index(i,2)));
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
void
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
make_canonical(Vertex_triple& t) const
{
  int i = (&*(t.first) < &*(t.second))? 0 : 1;
  if(i==0) {
    i = (&*(t.first) < &*(t.third))? 0 : 2;
  } else {
    i = (&*(t.second) < &*(t.third))? 1 : 2;
  }
  Vertex_handle tmp;
  switch(i){
  case 0: return;
  case 1:
    tmp = t.first;
    t.first = t.second;
    t.second = t.third;
    t.third = tmp;
    return;
  default:
    tmp = t.first;
    t.first = t.third;
    t.third = t.second;
    t.second = tmp;
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
test_dim_down(Vertex_handle v) const
  // tests whether removing v decreases the dimension of the triangulation 
  // true iff
  // v is incident to all finite cells/facets
  // and all the other vertices are coplanar/collinear in dim3/2.
{
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition(dimension() >= 0);
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition(! is_infinite(v) );

  if (dimension() == 3) {
      Finite_cells_iterator cit = finite_cells_begin();

      int iv;
      if ( ! cit->has_vertex(v,iv) )
          return false;
      const Point &p1=cit->vertex((iv+1)&3)->point();  
      const Point &p2=cit->vertex((iv+2)&3)->point();  
      const Point &p3=cit->vertex((iv+3)&3)->point();
      ++cit;

      for (; cit != finite_cells_end(); ++cit ) {
          if ( ! cit->has_vertex(v,iv) )
              return false;
          for (int i=1; i<4; i++ )
	      if ( !coplanar(p1,p2,p3,cit->vertex((iv+i)&3)->point()) )
	          return false;
      }
  }
  else if (dimension() == 2)
  {
      Finite_facets_iterator cit = finite_facets_begin();

      int iv;
      if ( ! cit->first->has_vertex(v,iv) )
          return false;
      const Point &p1 = cit->first->vertex(cw(iv))->point();  
      const Point &p2 = cit->first->vertex(ccw(iv))->point();  
      ++cit;

      for (; cit != finite_facets_end(); ++cit ) {
          if ( ! cit->first->has_vertex(v,iv) )
              return false;
          if ( !collinear(p1, p2, cit->first->vertex(cw(iv))->point()) ||
	       !collinear(p1, p2, cit->first->vertex(ccw(iv))->point()) )
	      return false;
      }
  }
  else // dimension() == 1 or 0
      return number_of_vertices() == (size_type) dimension() + 1;

  return true;
}

template <class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
VertexRemover&
Triangulation_3<Gt, Tds>::
make_hole_2D(Vertex_handle v, std::list<Edge_2D> &hole, VertexRemover &remover)
{
  std::vector<Cell_handle> to_delete;

  typename Tds::Face_circulator fc = tds().incident_faces(v);
  typename Tds::Face_circulator done(fc);

  // We prepare for deleting all interior cells.
  // We ->set_cell() pointers to cells outside the hole.
  // We push the Edges_2D of the boundary (seen from outside) in "hole".
  do {
    Cell_handle f = fc;
    int i = f->index(v);
    Cell_handle fn = f->neighbor(i);
    int in = fn->index(f);

    f->vertex(cw(i))->set_cell(fn);
    fn->set_neighbor(in, Cell_handle());

    hole.push_back(Edge_2D(fn, in));
    remover.add_hidden_points(f);
    to_delete.push_back(f);

    ++fc;
  } while (fc != done);

  tds().delete_cells(to_delete.begin(), to_delete.end());
  return remover;
}

template <class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
void
Triangulation_3<Gt, Tds>::
fill_hole_2D(std::list<Edge_2D> & first_hole, VertexRemover &remover)
{
  typedef std::list<Edge_2D> Hole;

  std::vector<Hole> hole_list;

  Cell_handle  f, ff, fn;
  int i, ii, in;

  hole_list.push_back(first_hole);

  while( ! hole_list.empty())
    {
      Hole hole = hole_list.back();
      hole_list.pop_back();

      // if the hole has only three edges, create the triangle
      if (hole.size() == 3) {
	typename Hole::iterator hit = hole.begin();
	f = (*hit).first;        i = (*hit).second;
	ff = (* ++hit).first;    ii = (*hit).second;
	fn = (* ++hit).first;    in = (*hit).second;
	tds().create_face(f, i, ff, ii, fn, in);
	continue;
      }

      // else find an edge with two finite vertices
      // on the hole boundary
      // and the new triangle adjacent to that edge
      //  cut the hole and push it back

      // first, ensure that a neighboring face
      // whose vertices on the hole boundary are finite
      // is the first of the hole
      while (1) {
	ff = (hole.front()).first;
	ii = (hole.front()).second;
	if ( is_infinite(ff->vertex(cw(ii))) ||
	     is_infinite(ff->vertex(ccw(ii)))) {
          hole.push_back(hole.front());
          hole.pop_front();
	}
	else
	    break;
      }

      // take the first neighboring face and pop it;
      ff = (hole.front()).first;
      ii = (hole.front()).second;
      hole.pop_front();

      Vertex_handle v0 = ff->vertex(cw(ii));
      Vertex_handle v1 = ff->vertex(ccw(ii));
      Vertex_handle v2 = infinite_vertex();
      const Point &p0 = v0->point();
      const Point &p1 = v1->point();
      const Point *p2 = NULL; // Initialize to NULL to avoid warning.

      typename Hole::iterator hdone = hole.end();
      typename Hole::iterator hit = hole.begin();
      typename Hole::iterator cut_after(hit);

      // if tested vertex is c with respect to the vertex opposite
      // to NULL neighbor,
      // stop at the before last face;
      hdone--;
      for (; hit != hdone; ++hit) {
	fn = hit->first;
	in = hit->second;
        Vertex_handle vv = fn->vertex(ccw(in));
	if (is_infinite(vv)) {
	  if (is_infinite(v2))
	      cut_after = hit;
	}
	else {     // vv is a finite vertex
	  const Point &p = vv->point();
	  if (coplanar_orientation(p0, p1, p) == COUNTERCLOCKWISE) {
	    if (is_infinite(v2) ||
	        remover.side_of_bounded_circle(p0, p1, *p2, p, true)
		  == ON_BOUNDED_SIDE) {
		v2 = vv;
		p2 = &p;
		cut_after = hit;
	    }
	  }
	}
      }

      // create new triangle and update adjacency relations
      Cell_handle newf;

      //update the hole and push back in the Hole_List stack
      // if v2 belongs to the neighbor following or preceding *f
      // the hole remain a single hole
      // otherwise it is split in two holes

      fn = (hole.front()).first;
      in = (hole.front()).second;
      if (fn->has_vertex(v2, i) && i == ccw(in)) {
	newf = tds().create_face(ff, ii, fn, in);
	hole.pop_front();
	hole.push_front(Edge_2D(newf, 1));
	hole_list.push_back(hole);
      }
      else{
	fn = (hole.back()).first;
	in = (hole.back()).second;
	if (fn->has_vertex(v2, i) && i == cw(in)) {
	  newf = tds().create_face(fn, in, ff, ii);
	  hole.pop_back();
	  hole.push_back(Edge_2D(newf, 1));
	  hole_list.push_back(hole);
	}
	else{
	  // split the hole in two holes
	  newf = tds().create_face(ff, ii, v2);
	  Hole new_hole;
	  ++cut_after;
	  while( hole.begin() != cut_after )
            {
              new_hole.push_back(hole.front());
              hole.pop_front();
            }

	  hole.push_front(Edge_2D(newf, 1));
	  new_hole.push_front(Edge_2D(newf, 0));
	  hole_list.push_back(hole);
	  hole_list.push_back(new_hole);
	}
      }
    }
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
void
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
make_hole_3D( Vertex_handle v,
	      std::map<Vertex_triple,Facet>& outer_map,
	      std::vector<Cell_handle> & hole)
{
  CGAL_triangulation_expensive_precondition( ! test_dim_down(v) );

  incident_cells(v, std::back_inserter(hole));

  for (typename std::vector<Cell_handle>::iterator cit = hole.begin();
       cit != hole.end(); ++cit) {
    int indv = (*cit)->index(v);
    Cell_handle opp_cit = (*cit)->neighbor( indv );
    Facet f(opp_cit, opp_cit->index(*cit));
    Vertex_triple vt = make_vertex_triple(f);
    make_canonical(vt);
    outer_map[vt] = f;
    for (int i=0; i<4; i++)
      if ( i != indv )
	(*cit)->vertex(i)->set_cell(opp_cit);
  }
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
VertexRemover&
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
remove_dim_down(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover)
{
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition (dimension() >= 0);

    // Collect all the hidden points.
    for (All_cells_iterator ci = tds().raw_cells_begin();
            ci != tds().raw_cells_end(); ++ci)
        remover.add_hidden_points(ci);

    tds().remove_decrease_dimension(v, infinite_vertex());

    // Now try to see if we need to re-orient.
    if (dimension() == 2) {
        Facet f = *finite_facets_begin();
        if (coplanar_orientation(f.first->vertex(0)->point(),
                                 f.first->vertex(1)->point(),
                                 f.first->vertex(2)->point()) == NEGATIVE)
            tds().reorient();
    }

    return remover;
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
VertexRemover&
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
remove_1D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover)
{
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition (dimension() == 1);

    Cell_handle c1 = v->cell();
    Cell_handle c2 = c1->neighbor(c1->index(v) == 0 ? 1 : 0);
    remover.add_hidden_points(c1);
    remover.add_hidden_points(c2);

    tds().remove_from_maximal_dimension_simplex (v);

    return remover;
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
VertexRemover&
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
remove_2D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover)
{
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(dimension() == 2);
    std::list<Edge_2D> hole;
    make_hole_2D(v, hole, remover);
    fill_hole_2D(hole, remover);
    tds().delete_vertex(v);
    return remover;
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
VertexRemover&
Triangulation_3<Gt,Tds>::
remove_3D(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover)
{
  std::vector<Cell_handle> hole;
  hole.reserve(64);

  // Construct the set of vertex triples on the boundary
  // with the facet just behind
  typedef std::map<Vertex_triple,Facet> Vertex_triple_Facet_map;
  Vertex_triple_Facet_map outer_map;
  Vertex_triple_Facet_map inner_map;

  make_hole_3D(v, outer_map, hole);
  CGAL_assertion(remover.hidden_points_begin() ==
      remover.hidden_points_end() );

  // Output the hidden points.
  for (typename std::vector<Cell_handle>::iterator
      hi = hole.begin(), hend = hole.end(); hi != hend; ++hi)
    remover.add_hidden_points(*hi);

  bool inf = false;
  unsigned int i;
  // collect all vertices on the boundary
  std::vector<Vertex_handle> vertices;
  vertices.reserve(64);

  adjacent_vertices(v, std::back_inserter(vertices));

  // create a Delaunay triangulation of the points on the boundary
  // and make a map from the vertices in remover.tmp towards the vertices
  // in *this

  Unique_hash_map<Vertex_handle,Vertex_handle> vmap;
  Cell_handle ch = Cell_handle();
  for(i=0; i < vertices.size(); i++){
    if(! is_infinite(vertices[i])){
      Vertex_handle vh = remover.tmp.insert(vertices[i]->point(), ch);
      ch = vh->cell();
      vmap[vh] = vertices[i];
    }else {
      inf = true;
    }
  }

  if(remover.tmp.dimension()==2){
    Vertex_handle fake_inf = remover.tmp.insert(v->point());
    vmap[fake_inf] = infinite_vertex();
  } else {
    vmap[remover.tmp.infinite_vertex()] = infinite_vertex();
  }

  CGAL_triangulation_assertion(remover.tmp.dimension() == 3);

  // Construct the set of vertex triples of remover.tmp
  // We reorient the vertex triple so that it matches those from outer_map
  // Also note that we use the vertices of *this, not of remover.tmp

  if(inf){
    for(All_cells_iterator it = remover.tmp.all_cells_begin();
	it != remover.tmp.all_cells_end();
	++it){
      for(i=0; i < 4; i++){
	Facet f = std::pair<Cell_handle,int>(it,i);
	Vertex_triple vt_aux = make_vertex_triple(f);
	Vertex_triple vt(vmap[vt_aux.first],vmap[vt_aux.third],vmap[vt_aux.second]);
	make_canonical(vt);
	inner_map[vt]= f;
      }
    }
  } else {
      for(Finite_cells_iterator it = remover.tmp.finite_cells_begin();
	it != remover.tmp.finite_cells_end();
	++it){
      for(i=0; i < 4; i++){
	Facet f = std::pair<Cell_handle,int>(it,i);
	Vertex_triple vt_aux = make_vertex_triple(f);
	Vertex_triple vt(vmap[vt_aux.first],vmap[vt_aux.third],vmap[vt_aux.second]);
	make_canonical(vt);
	inner_map[vt]= f;
      }
    }
  }
  // Grow inside the hole, by extending the surface
  while(! outer_map.empty()){
    typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::iterator oit = outer_map.begin();
    while(is_infinite(oit->first.first) ||
	  is_infinite(oit->first.second) ||
	  is_infinite(oit->first.third)){
      ++oit;
      // otherwise the lookup in the inner_map fails
      // because the infinite vertices are different
    }
    typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::value_type o_vt_f_pair = *oit;
    Cell_handle o_ch = o_vt_f_pair.second.first;
    unsigned int o_i = o_vt_f_pair.second.second;

    typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::iterator iit =
             inner_map.find(o_vt_f_pair.first);
    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(iit != inner_map.end());
    typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::value_type i_vt_f_pair = *iit;
    Cell_handle i_ch = i_vt_f_pair.second.first;
    unsigned int i_i = i_vt_f_pair.second.second;

    // create a new cell and glue it to the outer surface
    Cell_handle new_ch = tds().create_cell();
    new_ch->set_vertices(vmap[i_ch->vertex(0)], vmap[i_ch->vertex(1)],
			 vmap[i_ch->vertex(2)], vmap[i_ch->vertex(3)]);

    o_ch->set_neighbor(o_i,new_ch);
    new_ch->set_neighbor(i_i, o_ch);

    // for the other faces check, if they can also be glued
    for(i = 0; i < 4; i++){
      if(i != i_i){
	Facet f = std::pair<Cell_handle,int>(new_ch,i);
	Vertex_triple vt = make_vertex_triple(f);
	make_canonical(vt);
	std::swap(vt.second,vt.third);
	typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::iterator oit2 = outer_map.find(vt);
	if(oit2 == outer_map.end()){
	  std::swap(vt.second,vt.third);
	  outer_map[vt]= f;
	} else {
	  // glue the faces
	  typename Vertex_triple_Facet_map::value_type o_vt_f_pair2 = *oit2;
	  Cell_handle o_ch2 = o_vt_f_pair2.second.first;
	  int o_i2 = o_vt_f_pair2.second.second;
	  o_ch2->set_neighbor(o_i2,new_ch);
	  new_ch->set_neighbor(i, o_ch2);
	  outer_map.erase(oit2);
	}
      }
    }
    outer_map.erase(oit);
  }
  tds().delete_vertex(v);
  tds().delete_cells(hole.begin(), hole.end());

  return remover;
}

template < class Gt, class Tds >
template < class VertexRemover >
void
Triangulation_3<Gt, Tds>::
remove(Vertex_handle v, VertexRemover &remover) {
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( v != Vertex_handle());
  CGAL_triangulation_precondition( !is_infinite(v));
  CGAL_triangulation_expensive_precondition( tds().is_vertex(v) );

  if (test_dim_down (v)) {
    remove_dim_down (v, remover);
  }
  else {
    switch (dimension()) {
    case 1: remove_1D (v, remover); break;
    case 2: remove_2D (v, remover); break;
    case 3: remove_3D (v, remover); break;
    default:
      CGAL_triangulation_assertion (false);
    }
  }
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_valid(bool verbose, int level) const
{
  if ( ! _tds.is_valid(verbose,level) ) {
    if (verbose)
	std::cerr << "invalid data structure" << std::endl;
    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
    return false;
  }
    
  if ( infinite_vertex() == Vertex_handle() ) {
    if (verbose)
	std::cerr << "no infinite vertex" << std::endl;
    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
    return false;
  }

  switch ( dimension() ) {
  case 3:
    {
      Finite_cells_iterator it;
      for ( it = finite_cells_begin(); it != finite_cells_end(); ++it )
	is_valid_finite(it, verbose, level);
      break;
    }
  case 2:
    {
      Finite_facets_iterator it;
      for ( it = finite_facets_begin(); it != finite_facets_end(); ++it )
	is_valid_finite(it->first,verbose,level);
      break;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      Finite_edges_iterator it;
      for ( it = finite_edges_begin(); it != finite_edges_end(); ++it )
	is_valid_finite(it->first,verbose,level);
      break;
    }
  }
  if (verbose)
      std::cerr << "valid triangulation" << std::endl;
  return true;
}

template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_valid(Cell_handle c, bool verbose, int level) const
{
  if ( ! _tds.is_valid(c,verbose,level) ) {
    if (verbose) { 
      std::cerr << "combinatorially invalid cell";
      for (int i=0; i <= dimension(); i++ )
	std::cerr << c->vertex(i)->point() << ", ";
      std::cerr << std::endl;
    }
    CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
    return false;
  }
  if ( ! is_infinite(c) )
    is_valid_finite(c, verbose, level);
  if (verbose)
      std::cerr << "geometrically valid cell" << std::endl;
  return true;
}


template < class GT, class Tds >
bool
Triangulation_3<GT,Tds>::
is_valid_finite(Cell_handle c, bool verbose, int) const
{
  switch ( dimension() ) {
  case 3:
    {
      if ( orientation(c->vertex(0)->point(),
		       c->vertex(1)->point(),
		       c->vertex(2)->point(),
		       c->vertex(3)->point()) != POSITIVE ) {
	if (verbose)
	    std::cerr << "badly oriented cell " 
		      << c->vertex(0)->point() << ", " 
		      << c->vertex(1)->point() << ", " 
		      << c->vertex(2)->point() << ", " 
		      << c->vertex(3)->point() << std::endl; 
	CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	return false;
      }
      break;
    }
  case 2:
    {
	if (coplanar_orientation(c->vertex(0)->point(),
	                         c->vertex(1)->point(),
	                         c->vertex(2)->point()) != POSITIVE) {
	  if (verbose)
	      std::cerr << "badly oriented face "
		        << c->vertex(0)->point() << ", " 
		        << c->vertex(1)->point() << ", " 
		        << c->vertex(2)->point() << std::endl;
	  CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	  return false;
	}
      break;
    }
  case 1:
    {
      const Point & p0 = c->vertex(0)->point();
      const Point & p1 = c->vertex(1)->point();

      Vertex_handle v = c->neighbor(0)->vertex(c->neighbor(0)->index(c));
      if ( ! is_infinite(v) )
      {
	if ( collinear_position(p0, p1, v->point()) != MIDDLE ) {
	  if (verbose)
	      std::cerr << "badly oriented edge "
		        << p0 << ", " << p1 << std::endl
		        << "with neighbor 0"
		        << c->neighbor(0)->vertex(1-c->neighbor(0)->index(c))
			                 ->point() 
		        << ", " << v->point() << std::endl;
	  CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	  return false;
	}
      }

      v = c->neighbor(1)->vertex(c->neighbor(1)->index(c));
      if ( ! is_infinite(v) )
      {
	if ( collinear_position(p1, p0, v->point()) != MIDDLE ) {
	  if (verbose)
	      std::cerr << "badly oriented edge "
		        << p0 << ", " << p1 << std::endl
		        << "with neighbor 1"
		        << c->neighbor(1)->vertex(1-c->neighbor(1)->index(c))
			                 ->point() 
		        << ", " << v->point() << std::endl;
	  CGAL_triangulation_assertion(false);
	  return false;
	}
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return true;
}


namespace CGALi {

// Internal function used by operator==.
template < class GT, class Tds1, class Tds2 >
bool
test_next(const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1> &t1,
          const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2> &t2,
	  typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Cell_handle c1,
	  typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2>::Cell_handle c2,
	  std::map<typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Cell_handle,
                   typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2>::Cell_handle> &Cmap,
	  std::map<typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Vertex_handle,
                   typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2>::Vertex_handle> &Vmap)
{
    // This function tests and registers the 4 neighbors of c1/c2,
    // and recursively calls itself over them.
    // Returns false if an inequality has been found.

    // Precondition: c1, c2 have been registered as well as their 4 vertices.
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(t1.dimension() >= 2);
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(Cmap[c1] == c2);
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(Vmap.find(c1->vertex(0)) != Vmap.end());
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(Vmap.find(c1->vertex(1)) != Vmap.end());
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(Vmap.find(c1->vertex(2)) != Vmap.end());
    CGAL_triangulation_precondition(t1.dimension() == 2 ||
                                    Vmap.find(c1->vertex(3)) != Vmap.end());

    typedef Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1> Tr1;
    typedef Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2> Tr2;
    typedef typename Tr1::Vertex_handle  Vertex_handle1;
    typedef typename Tr1::Cell_handle    Cell_handle1;
    typedef typename Tr2::Vertex_handle  Vertex_handle2;
    typedef typename Tr2::Cell_handle    Cell_handle2;
    typedef typename std::map<Cell_handle1, Cell_handle2>::const_iterator  Cit;
    typedef typename std::map<Vertex_handle1,
                              Vertex_handle2>::const_iterator Vit;

    for (int i=0; i <= t1.dimension(); ++i) {
	Cell_handle1 n1 = c1->neighbor(i);
	Cit cit = Cmap.find(n1);
	Vertex_handle1 v1 = c1->vertex(i);
	Vertex_handle2 v2 = Vmap[v1];
	Cell_handle2 n2 = c2->neighbor(c2->index(v2));
	if (cit != Cmap.end()) {
            // n1 was already registered.
	    if (cit->second != n2)
		return false;
	    continue;
	}
        // n1 has not yet been registered.
        // We check that the new vertices match geometrically.
        // And we register them.
        Vertex_handle1 vn1 = n1->vertex(n1->index(c1));
        Vertex_handle2 vn2 = n2->vertex(n2->index(c2));
        Vit vit = Vmap.find(vn1);
        if (vit != Vmap.end()) {
            // vn1 already registered
            if (vit->second != vn2)
                return false;
        }
        else {
            if (t2.is_infinite(vn2))
                return false; // vn1 can't be infinite,
                              // since it would have been registered.
            if (t1.geom_traits().compare_xyz_3_object()(vn1->point(),
                                                        vn2->point()) != 0)
                return false;
            // We register vn1/vn2.
            Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(vn1, vn2));
        }

        // We register n1/n2.
        Cmap.insert(std::make_pair(n1, n2));

        // We recurse on n1/n2.
	if (!test_next(t1, t2, n1, n2, Cmap, Vmap))
	    return false;
    }

    return true;
}

} // namespace CGALi


template < class GT, class Tds1, class Tds2 >
bool
operator==(const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1> &t1,
	   const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2> &t2)
{
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle1;
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Cell_handle   Cell_handle1;
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2>::Vertex_handle Vertex_handle2;
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2>::Cell_handle   Cell_handle2;

    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Point                       Point;
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Geom_traits::Equal_3        Equal_3;
    typedef typename Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1>::Geom_traits::Compare_xyz_3  Compare_xyz_3;

    Equal_3 equal = t1.geom_traits().equal_3_object();
    Compare_xyz_3 cmp1 = t1.geom_traits().compare_xyz_3_object();
    Compare_xyz_3 cmp2 = t2.geom_traits().compare_xyz_3_object();

    // Some quick checks.
    if (t1.dimension() != t2.dimension()
        || t1.number_of_vertices() != t2.number_of_vertices()
        || t1.number_of_cells() != t2.number_of_cells())
	return false;

    int dim = t1.dimension();
    // Special case for dimension < 1.
    // The triangulation is uniquely defined in these cases.
    if (dim < 1)
        return true;

    // Special case for dimension == 1.
    if (dim == 1) {
        // It's enough to test that the points are the same,
        // since the triangulation is uniquely defined in this case.
        using namespace boost;
        std::vector<Point> V1 (t1.points_begin(), t1.points_end());
        std::vector<Point> V2 (t2.points_begin(), t2.points_end());
        std::sort(V1.begin(), V1.end(), bind(cmp1, _1, _2) == NEGATIVE);
        std::sort(V2.begin(), V2.end(), bind(cmp2, _1, _2) == NEGATIVE);
        return V1 == V2;
    }

    // We will store the mapping between the 2 triangulations vertices and
    // cells in 2 maps.
    std::map<Vertex_handle1, Vertex_handle2> Vmap;
    std::map<Cell_handle1, Cell_handle2> Cmap;

    // Handle the infinite vertex.
    Vertex_handle1 v1 = t1.infinite_vertex();
    Vertex_handle2 iv2 = t2.infinite_vertex();
    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v1, iv2));

    // We pick one infinite cell of t1, and try to match it against the
    // infinite cells of t2.
    Cell_handle1 c = v1->cell();
    Vertex_handle1 v2 = c->vertex((c->index(v1)+1)%(dim+1));
    Vertex_handle1 v3 = c->vertex((c->index(v1)+2)%(dim+1));
    Vertex_handle1 v4 = c->vertex((c->index(v1)+3)%(dim+1));
    const Point &p2 = v2->point();
    const Point &p3 = v3->point();
    const Point &p4 = v4->point();

    std::vector<Cell_handle2> ics;
    t2.incident_cells(iv2, std::back_inserter(ics));
    for (typename std::vector<Cell_handle2>::const_iterator cit = ics.begin();
	    cit != ics.end(); ++cit) {
	int inf = (*cit)->index(iv2);

	if (equal(p2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))));
	else if (equal(p2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))));
	else if (dim == 3 &&
                 equal(p2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v2, (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))));
	else
	    continue; // None matched v2.

	if (equal(p3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))));
	else if (equal(p3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))));
	else if (dim == 3 &&
                 equal(p3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))->point()))
	    Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v3, (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))));
	else
	    continue; // None matched v3.

        if (dim == 3) {
	    if (equal(p4, (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))->point()))
	        Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v4,
                                           (*cit)->vertex((inf+1)%(dim+1))));
	    else if (equal(p4, (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))->point()))
	        Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v4,
                                           (*cit)->vertex((inf+2)%(dim+1))));
	    else if (equal(p4, (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))->point()))
	        Vmap.insert(std::make_pair(v4,
                                           (*cit)->vertex((inf+3)%(dim+1))));
	    else
	        continue; // None matched v4.
        }

	// Found it !
	Cmap.insert(std::make_pair(c, *cit));
	break;
    }

    if (Cmap.size() == 0)
	return false;

    // We now have one cell, we need to propagate recursively.
    return CGALi::test_next(t1, t2,
	             Cmap.begin()->first, Cmap.begin()->second, Cmap, Vmap);
}

template < class GT, class Tds1, class Tds2 >
inline
bool
operator!=(const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds1> &t1,
	   const Triangulation_3<GT, Tds2> &t2)
{
  return ! (t1 == t2);
}

CGAL_END_NAMESPACE

#endif // CGAL_TRIANGULATION_3_H
